Animal Farm is an allegorical novella
by George Orwell, first published in England on 17 August 1945. The
book tells the story of a group of farm animals who rebel against their
human farmer, hoping to create a society where the animals can be equal,
free, and happy. Ultimately, however, the rebellion is betrayed, and
the farm ends up in a state as bad as it was before, under the
dictatorship of a pig named Napoleon.
According to Orwell, the fable reflects events leading up to the
Russian Revolution of 1917 and then on into the Stalinist era of the
Soviet Union. Orwell, a democratic socialist, was a critic of Joseph
Stalin and hostile to Moscow-directed Stalinism, an attitude that was
critically shaped by his experiences during the Spanish Civil War. The
Soviet Union had become a brutal dictatorship built upon a cult of
personality and enforced by a reign of terror. In a letter to Yvonne
Davet, Orwell described
Animal Farm as a satirical tale against Stalin ("
un conte satirique contre Staline"),and in his essay "Why I Write" (1946), wrote that
Animal Farm
was the first book in which he tried, with full consciousness of what
he was doing, "to fuse political purpose and artistic purpose into one
whole"
The original title was
Animal Farm: A Fairy Story, but U.S.
publishers dropped the subtitle when it was published in 1946, and only
one of the translations during Orwell's lifetime kept it. Other titular
variations include subtitles like "A Satire" and "A Contemporary
Satire". Orwell suggested the title
Union des républiques socialistes animales
for the French translation, which abbreviates to URSA, the Latin word
for "bear", a symbol of Russia. It also played on the French name of the
Soviet Union,
Union des républiques socialistes soviétiques.
Orwell wrote the book between November 1943 and February 1944, when
the United Kingdom was in its wartime alliance with the Soviet Union
against Nazi Germany, and the British intelligentsia held Stalin in high
esteem, a phenomenon Orwell hated.
[The
manuscript was initially rejected by a number of British and American
publishers, including one of Orwell's own, Victor Gollancz, which
delayed its publication. It became a great commercial success when it
did appear partly because international relations were transformed as
the wartime alliance gave way to the Cold War.
Time magazine chose the book as one of the 100 best English-language novels (1923 to 2005);
it also featured at number 31 on the Modern Library List of Best
20th-Century Novels, and number 46 on the BBC's The Big Read poll. It
won a Retrospective Hugo Award in 1996. and is included in the Great
Books of the Western World selection.